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In modern wastewater treatment, polyacrylamide (PAM) is a key flocculant. It helps remove dirt and small particles from water. This article explains the types of PAM and how they work to improve water treatment.
Types of PAM and Where to Use Them
PAM has three main types: non-ionic, anionic, and cationic. Each one is used for different water conditions.
🔹 Non-ionic PAM (NPAM) This type has no charge. It works best in neutral or slightly acidic water. It helps particles stick together using its long chain. But it does not work well in alkaline water.
🔹 Anionic PAM (APAM) This type has a negative charge. It works best in weak alkaline or neutral water. It comes in different grades:
- Medium hydrolysis: Good for normal flocculation.
- High hydrolysis (26%+): Best for strong industrial wastewater but costs more.
- Molecular weight: From 6 to 25 million. Higher weight = stronger flocculation, but also higher cost.
🔹 Cationic PAM (CPAM) This type has a positive charge. It is best for wastewater with organic matter like food, sewage, or slaughterhouse water. It works by charge neutralization and bridging. It has different charge levels (10% to 60%). Choose based on the type of water.
How PAM Helps in Flocculation
Dirty water has small floating particles. These particles are hard to remove. PAM helps them come together and settle down.
🔸 Step 1: Add coagulant first Before using PAM, we add coagulants like PAC or iron salts. These break the balance of particles using charge neutralization and bridging.
🔸 Step 2: Add PAM Next, PAM is added. Its long chain sticks to many small particles. The particles join together to form big flocs.
These flocs are heavy and settle quickly. This makes it easy to remove dirt from water.
Don’t Use Too Much PAM
Too much PAM is not good. It can cause problems:
- Particles get covered too much. They don’t stick together well.
- Water becomes thick. Flocs can’t sink.
- It’s harder to treat water later. Filters and membranes may clog.
So, choose the right PAM type and use the right amount. Always test first to make sure.
Conclusion
PAM is a powerful tool in wastewater treatment. It helps in many steps like sedimentation and sludge dewatering. To get the best result, you must know the right type and amount to use. This will save cost, improve treatment, and protect the environment.
